飞机(ji)(ji)能(neng)够登上天空(kong)的(de)(de)舞台,离不开一(yi)(yi)个功能(neng)强(qiang)大(da)的(de)(de)心(xin)脏——航空(kong)发(fa)(fa)动机(ji)(ji),可(ke)当大(da)家欣赏(shang)飞机(ji)(ji)在万米高空(kong)自由翱(ao)翔时(shi),有没有想过如此(ci)强(qiang)大(da)的(de)(de)有一(yi)(yi)颗心(xin)脏,是(shi)如何(he)开始工(gong)作的(de)(de)呢?这时(shi)候就得简(jian)单介绍一(yi)(yi)下,我国自行研(yan)发(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)涡扇发(fa)(fa)动机(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)工(gong)作原理了。
发(fa)动(dong)(dong)(dong)机(ji)(ji)启动(dong)(dong)(dong)后,前段的(de)压(ya)气机(ji)(ji)工(gong)作(zuo),产生(sheng)(sheng)压(ya)缩(suo)气体,压(ya)缩(suo)气体进入燃烧室内,由点火装置(zhi)点燃油气混合物,高温高压(ya)气流推动(dong)(dong)(dong)涡轮做(zuo)功产生(sheng)(sheng)推力,同(tong)时涡轮会通过主轴带动(dong)(dong)(dong)压(ya)气机(ji)(ji)转动(dong)(dong)(dong)产生(sheng)(sheng)压(ya)缩(suo)气体。细心的(de)小(xiao)伙(huo)伴在(zai)这个时候一定发(fa)现(xian)了问题(ti)所在(zai):在(zai)发(fa)动(dong)(dong)(dong)机(ji)(ji)启动(dong)(dong)(dong)前,压(ya)气机(ji)(ji)和涡轮都没有开始(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)。那,究竟是压(ya)气机(ji)(ji)先工(gong)作(zuo)还是涡轮先工(gong)作(zuo)?
不知道大家(jia)有(you)没有(you)见过以前的老式拖拉(la)机(ji)(ji),它的启动(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)式是用(yong)一根(gen)摇杆插在(zai)发(fa)(fa)动(dong)(dong)(dong)机(ji)(ji)上去摇动(dong)(dong)(dong),当(dang)转速达标的时候拖拉(la)机(ji)(ji)就(jiu)启动(dong)(dong)(dong)了。其原(yuan)理(li)就(jiu)是借助外力,使得(de)发(fa)(fa)动(dong)(dong)(dong)机(ji)(ji)进入(ru)工作(zuo)状态,再进行点火发(fa)(fa)动(dong)(dong)(dong)机(ji)(ji)便(bian)可(ke)正常启动(dong)(dong)(dong)。我国自行研制的涡扇发(fa)(fa)动(dong)(dong)(dong)机(ji)(ji)启动(dong)(dong)(dong)的原(yuan)理(li)与之类似,也需要借助外力使得(de)压气机(ji)(ji)开始工作(zuo)。当(dang)产生的压缩气体可(ke)以支持燃烧(shao)室成功点火之后,发(fa)(fa)动(dong)(dong)(dong)机(ji)(ji)便(bian)可(ke)以正常工作(zuo)了。
除(chu)了某些使(shi)用活塞(sai)发(fa)动(dong)机(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)飞机(ji)(ji),现在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)大部(bu)分航空飞机(ji)(ji)都不是(shi)通过人工(gong)启(qi)动(dong)的(de)(de)(de),而是(shi)用机(ji)(ji)器代替人来做功。基于(yu)这(zhei)个理念,我们需要(yao)在(zai)航空发(fa)动(dong)机(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)内部(bu)找到一个地方(fang),可以插紧摇杆用来带动(dong)发(fa)动(dong)机(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)轴转动(dong),这(zhei)个位置一般在(zai)主(zhu)轴的(de)(de)(de)中段。
传(chuan)动杆的(de)(de)问题解(jie)决之后,就需(xu)要(yao)找到一个(ge)功(gong)(gong)率足够大,转速足够高,而且体(ti)积足够小的(de)(de)装置来带动传(chuan)动杆工(gong)作。貌似一个(ge)电(dian)机(ji)就可以解(jie)决问题,但由(you)于涡扇发动机(ji)的(de)(de)启动转速要(yao)求(qiu)在每分钟几千转以上(shang),并且需(xu)要(yao)较(jiao)大的(de)(de)输(shu)出功(gong)(gong)率,基本找不到合适的(de)(de)电(dian)机(ji)。
实际上(shang),大(da)部分(fen)涡(wo)(wo)扇(shan)发动(dong)(dong)(dong)机(ji)的(de)(de)启(qi)动(dong)(dong)(dong)装置都是迷你版的(de)(de)涡(wo)(wo)喷发动(dong)(dong)(dong)机(ji),航空工业领(ling)域(yu)一(yi)般将其称之为(wei)涡(wo)(wo)轮起(qi)动(dong)(dong)(dong)机(ji)。由于涡(wo)(wo)轮起(qi)动(dong)(dong)(dong)机(ji)体积很小(xiao),可以通(tong)(tong)过直接供给高压气流或者(zhe)点火(huo)的(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)启(qi)动(dong)(dong)(dong)。这样,我(wo)们就可以通(tong)(tong)过先启(qi)动(dong)(dong)(dong)涡(wo)(wo)轮起(qi)动(dong)(dong)(dong)机(ji),然后涡(wo)(wo)轮起(qi)动(dong)(dong)(dong)机(ji)带动(dong)(dong)(dong)齿(chi)(chi)轮装置,齿(chi)(chi)轮之间相互配合(he)带动(dong)(dong)(dong)发动(dong)(dong)(dong)机(ji)转动(dong)(dong)(dong),使(shi)得发动(dong)(dong)(dong)机(ji)开始正常工作。
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